When protests turn violent: A call for dialogue and reform by Saheed Akinola

Protests are a cornerstone of democratic societies, providing a platform for citizens to voice grievances and demand change. However, the potential for violence and its disruptive consequences often overshadow the legitimate aspirations of protesters.

This article delves into the complexities of public demonstrations, examining legal frameworks, historical precedents, and the Nigerian context to advocate for a more nuanced approach that prioritizes dialogue and reform.

Legal framework and balancing Act

The right to peaceful assembly is enshrined in both international and domestic law. Yet, this right is not absolute. Governments must balance the protection of this fundamental freedom with the imperative to maintain public order, safety, and the rights of others. In Nigeria, Section 40 of the 1999 Constitution guarantees the right to peaceful assembly, but the challenge lies in defining the boundaries of ‘peaceful’ and ensuring that these rights are upheld without compromising public safety.

Historical lessons: A double-edged sword

Historical examples illuminate the potential outcomes of protests. The Green Movement in Iran, the Arab Spring uprisings, and experiences in Venezuela, Libya, and Sudan underscore the complex interplay between popular uprisings, government responses, and societal factors.

While these events highlight the power of collective action, they also caution against the risks of violence and its destabilizing effects.

Closer to home, Nigeria has witnessed its own share of protests. The End SARS protests in Nigeria began as a peaceful demonstration against police brutality, specifically targeting the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS).

While the protests initially garnered widespread support, they were eventually hijacked by hoodlums, leading to widespread violence, looting, and destruction of property across various states.

The Lekki Toll Gate incident, where security forces allegedly opened fire on peaceful protesters, further escalated tensions. The aftermath left many dead, numerous businesses destroyed, and a heightened sense of insecurity in the country.

In January 2012, the Nigerian government announced the removal of fuel subsidies, leading to a significant increase in fuel prices. This sparked nationwide protests and strikes, as citizens voiced their discontent over the sudden economic burden.

While the protests started peacefully, they soon turned violent, with reports of looting, arson, and clashes between protesters and security forces. The economic impact was severe, with businesses shut down and the country’s economy taking a substantial hit due to the prolonged strike actions.

The Jos crisis over the years included numerous protests and clashes driven by ethnic and religious tensions. These protests often started as peaceful demonstrations but quickly escalated into violent confrontations.

The recurrent violence led to the destruction of lives and properties, deepening the divisions within the community and creating an environment of perpetual insecurity and distrust.

Protests in the Niger Delta have been ongoing for decades, primarily driven by grievances over oil exploitation, environmental degradation, and lack of development in the region. While many protests were initially peaceful, they often turned violent, with militant groups engaging in sabotage, kidnappings, and attacks on oil installations. The violence has led to significant economic losses for the country, environmental damage, and a prolonged humanitarian crisis in the region.

Recent protests in Kenya have tragically highlighted the dangers of civil unrest. Clashes between demonstrators and security forces have led to multiple deaths, injuries, and widespread property damage. The imposed state of emergency further restricted freedoms, while accusations of police brutality and arbitrary arrests fueled public anger.

These events underscore the potential for protests to escalate into violence, disrupt essential services, and undermine public order, emphasizing the importance of peaceful dialogue and responsible governance in addressing citizens’ grievances.

Beyond the streets: A path forward

To harness the potential of protests while mitigating risks, a multifaceted approach is essential:

Strengthening legal frameworks: Clearly defined guidelines for protests, including permitting procedures, designated protest zones, and protocols for law enforcement intervention, can help prevent clashes.

Promoting dialogue and mediation: Encouraging open communication between the government and civil society can address underlying grievances and prevent protests from escalating.

Investing in social and economic development: Addressing root causes of discontent, such as hunger, inequality, unemployment, and poor governance, can reduce the likelihood of protests turning violent.

Independent oversight and accountability: Establishing mechanisms to investigate allegations of police brutality and human rights abuses during protests can build trust and deter excessive force.

Media responsibility: Promoting responsible reporting that avoids sensationalism and inflammatory language can contribute to a calmer atmosphere.

Ultimately, the success of protests lies in their ability to effect positive change. By emphasizing peaceful means, engaging in constructive dialogue, and addressing underlying issues, Nigeria can harness the power of its citizens to build a more just and equitable society.

Conclusion

Protests are a powerful tool for democratic expression, but their effectiveness hinges on their ability to remain peaceful. By understanding the historical context, legal framework, and potential consequences, Nigeria can develop strategies to maximize the benefits of protests while minimizing their risks.

A society that fosters dialogue addresses grievances, and upholds the rights of its citizens is less likely to witness the destructive consequences of violent demonstrations.

Nigerian youth are urged to engage in constructive dialogue with the government, channeling their energy and passion into initiatives that foster positive change without the risk of violence and destruction.

By working together, citizens and leaders can build a future where grievances are addressed, rights are respected, and progress is achieved through peaceful means.

Saheed Akinola esq is a legal practitioner and could be contacted through +2348032493960 or choicelandsolicitors9@gmail.com